Is it Possible for a Non-Profit to Trade Tax Credits?

On January 16, the Treasury and IRS published Notice 2025-08, which provides additional guidance on the Inflation Reduction Act’s domestic content bonus credit elective safe harbor. The Treasury and IRS first introduced the elective safe harbor in Notice 2024-41.

According to the Treasury’s press release, the latest guidance “updates and builds upon the domestic content safe harbor that Treasury and the IRS published in May of 2024 that provides clean energy developers the option to rely on default cost percentages provided by [the] Department of Energy (in lieu of obtaining direct cost information from suppliers) to determine eligibility for the domestic content bonus.” 

Notice 2025-08 “reflects improved default values that more closely align with the characteristics and costs of applicable project components and manufactured product components in the marketplace, as analyzed by the Department of Energy.”

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Definitions and percentages updated for solar, battery storage, and onshore wind

Solar

Definitions

Notice 2025-08 split the solar PV table into two separate tables:

• PV ground-mount (tracking and fixed)
• PV rooftop (module level power electronics (MLPE) and string)

The guidance also renamed, redefined, and reclassified several applicable project components (APCs) and manufactured product components. We will discuss carport and floating solar in greater detail below. 

Percentages 

In addition to updating several existing assigned cost percentages, the guidance added updated assigned cost percentages for PV modules that “incorporate c-Si [crystalline silicon] PV cells and wafers manufactured in the United States.”

These additional cost percentages were added to reflect “the significant cost premium” associated with domestic cells. Depending on the system, the premium for domestic cells can exceed 40%.

Although the applicable percentages for domestic cells increased, the applicable percentages for other manufactured product components MPCs decreased (to keep the total at 100). 

Battery storage 

Definitions

The guidance made certain adjustments to the characterizations of applicable project components and manufactured product components. For example, a “battery pack” is now a “battery pack/module,” and an “inverter” is now “inverter/converter.” It also provided a number of clarifying definitions.

Cost percentages

The guidance updated assigned cost percentages for manufactured products and manufactured product components for BESS. The updated cost percentages apply to “grid-scale BESS and distributed BESS” projects. 

The DOE made the change after collecting data from three different national laboratories instead of a single national laboratory survey, as well as “comprehensive interviews of manufacturers, installers, developers, and owners” of BESS technologies.”

Onshore, or “land-based,” wind

Definitions

The updated table for onshore, or “land-based,” wind includes minor adjustments to the characterizations of applicable project components and manufactured product components. “Steel or iron rebar in foundation,” for instance, has been renamed “steel or iron reinforcing products in foundation.”

Cost percentages

Notice 2025-08 did not change any associated cost percentages for onshore wind. The DOE, “using analysis from the national laboratories, found only minor changes in the component cost data” from Notice 2024-41.

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Offshore wind, hydropower, and other technologies remain out of scope

Offshore wind, hydropower, biomass, geothermal, fuel cell, and other technologies remained outside the scope of the elective safe harbor. Therefore, to qualify for the domestic content bonus, these project sponsors must rely on extensive calculations based on actual component costs. 

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Retrofits qualify for domestic content safe harbor

Section 4 of Notice 2025-08 allows qualifying retrofits to use the updated classifications and cost percentages to qualify for the domestic content bonus credit amount. Wind repowers are a prime example of a retrofit.

Projects must meet the the 80/20 rule and qualify for at least one of four credits, depending on the placed-in-service date: 

• PIS after December 31, 2022: §48 ITC or §45 PTC
• PIS after December 31, 2024: §48E ITC or §45Y PTC. These are the IRA’s “technology-neutral credits”

Importantly, any used components retained from an existing facility – the 20 in the 80/20 rule – are assigned a 0% value for calculating domestic content.

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Clarity on parking canopy, carport, and floating solar projects

The guidance expanded the definition of ground-mounted solar to include parking canopies and carports (“canopy steel racking structures”) and floating solar (“floating on a body of water”). 

Parking canopies and carports are considered fixed-tilt systems, while floating solar can be fixed-tilt or tracker systems.

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Relationship to elective, or “direct,” pay

As our team highlighted in a prior update, taxpayers who choose to monetize their tax credits – like the Section 45X advanced manufacturing production credit (AMCP) – through direct pay, may be subject to a “haircut” if they do not meet certain domestic content requirements. These taxpayers may utilize the domestic content safe harbor.

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Record-keeping

Taxpayers, including transferable tax credit buyers, who claim the domestic content bonus credit must meet the general recordkeeping requirements under Section 6001 to substantiate that the domestic content requirement has been met. 

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Timing and future guidance 

The updated domestic content tables apply to calculations made on or after January 16, 2025, and the Treasury signalled that they intend to update the safe harbor annually. Taxpayers may utilize the safe harbor tables included in Notice 2025-08 for projects beginning construction up to 90 days after the release of further guidance or after any future modification, update, or withdrawal of the updated elective safe harbor. 

On October 24, 2024, the Department of Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) issued final regulations for the Advanced Manufacturing Production Credit (§45X). The final regulations were published in the Federal Register on October 28, 2024 and are largely consistent with the proposed regulations issued on December 15, 2023.

Noted below are key changes as well as clarifying guidance that were issued in the final regulations. Jump to a section:

• Key changes
• Clarifying guidance
• Key dates
• Appendices

For a primer on 45X credits and due diligence, please refer to our insights here.

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Distinguishing "minor assembly"

The final regulations replace each instance of "mere assembly" with "minor assembly" to clarify what activities meet the substantial transformation threshold required to qualify for §45X tax credits.

The guidance recognizes that certain eligible components such as a solar module or a battery module are produced primarily by assembling other components. In these cases, the assembly required to achieve production of the ultimate eligible component (solar module or battery module) should not generally be viewed as disqualifying “minor assembly.”

Furthermore, eligible components that have completed substantial transformation, are considered “produced by the taxpayer,” and have been produced and sold to a third-party, in which only “minor assembly” remains, does not disqualify the original party from claiming the §45X credit. As a result, the ensuing third-party who performs the “minor assembly” would not be eligible to claim the credit.

Production costs expanded for critical minerals and electrode active materials

The final guidance is intended to recognize the value of material costs while addressing concerns regarding multiple-crediting and unintended incentives. The proposed regulations did not specifically allow direct material costs, indirect material costs, or any costs related to the extraction or acquisition of raw materials to be considered as production costs. However, the Treasury Department and the IRS, after consultation with the Department of Energy, have reconsidered the proposed exclusion of all material costs based on comments received and revised the regulations to include extraction costs for raw materials sourced in the U.S. or its territories if incurred by the taxpayer claiming the credit.

Additionally, if a taxpayer acquires extracted raw material as a direct (or indirect) material cost, the material costs may be included as production costs consistent with the rules provided under section 263A regardless of whether the extracted material is domestic or foreign-sourced.

Furthermore, any inclusion of direct and indirect material costs may be included if certain conditions are met, but only if they are not for materials that are already an eligible component at the time of purchase (e.g., applicable critical mineral or electrode active material), and as such, an additional credit cannot be claimed on costs relating to the acquisition and use of other eligible components.

See also "Additional substantiation requirements for critical minerals and electrode active materials."

Additional substantiation requirements for critical minerals and electrode active materials

In order to include direct or indirect materials costs as production costs when calculating a §45X credit for the production and sale of critical minerals or electrode active materials, a taxpayer must include certifications from each supplier, as an attachment to the tax return, and maintain specific books, records, and documentation to substantiate the credit.

The certifications must include the supplier’s employer identification number, be signed under penalties of perjury, and state that the supplier is not claiming a §45X credit for the materials purchased, nor is the supplier aware of any prior supplier claiming a §45X credit in the chain of production for the materials.

The books, records, and documentation requirements include, whether prepared by the taxpayer or (ideally) a third-party:

• An analysis of any constituent elements, materials, or subcomponents that concludes the material did not meet the definition of an eligible component (for example, an applicable critical mineral or electrode active material) at the time of acquisition by the taxpayer
• A list of all direct and indirect material costs and the amount of such costs that were included within the taxpayer’s total production cost for each applicable critical mineral
• A document related to the taxpayer’s production activities with respect to the direct and indirect material costs that establishes the materials were used in the production of the applicable critical mineral

Failure to provide this documentation with the return filing, or failure to provide an “available upon request” statement, would constitute a failure to substantiate the tax credit claim.

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Definition of produced by the taxpayer

‍The final regulations expanded the definition of “produced by the taxpayer” to confirm that taxpayers may produce eligible components using recycled materials (secondary production). The updated definition now reads, “Primary production involves producing an eligible component using non-recycled materials while secondary production involves producing an eligible component using recycled materials.”

Clarification on §45X vs §48C facility

‍The final regulations simplified the definition of a §45X facility, replacing the term “production unit” with “independently functioning tangible property” that is used and necessary for the eligible component to be considered produced by the taxpayer, regardless of physical location. Accordingly, tangible property used to produce a subcomponent which is later integrated, incorporated, or assembled into a distinct and final eligible component may not be part of the section 45X facility.

This clarification allows the use of subcomponents manufactured at a separate §48C facility without tainting the ability to qualify for a §45X credit, as long as the subcomponent is not part of the determination that the taxpayer is the producer of the eligible component.

The final regulations also added a specific rule to address §48C taints in a contract manufacturing arrangement - the tangible property determination for a 45X facility would apply to either party in the transaction, regardless of which party to the contract manufacturing arrangement is claiming the credit.

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Effective date

‍December 27, 2024

Applicability dates

‍As noted in § 1.45X–1(j), §1.45X–2(f), §1.45X–3(g), and §1.45X–4(d), these final regulations apply to eligible components for which production is completed and sales occur after December 31, 2022, and during taxable years ending on or after October 28, 2024.

Taxpayers may choose to apply these regulations to eligible components for which production is completed and sales occur after December 31, 2022, and during taxable years ending before October 28, 2024, provided that taxpayers follow these regulations in their entirety and in a consistent manner.

Additionally, §5.05(2) of Notice 2023–18 and §3 of Notice 2023–44, which relate to the interaction between §45X and §48C, are superseded for eligible components for which production is completed and sales occur after October 28, 2024.

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Appendix 1 — Additional technology-specific changes

Clarification on tandem cells

‍The final regulations addressed commenters concerns regarding disparate treatment between different types of tandem cells and the resulting capacity and credit amount. The Treasury Department and IRS agreed with commentators, and to prevent potentially incentivizing the development of certain tandem technology, added additional text for cells that are either mechanically stacked or using interconnected layers: “Where that cell is sold to a customer who will use it as the bottom cell in a tandem module, its capacity should be measured with the customer’s intended top cell placed between the bottom cell and the one-sun light source.”

Definition of "polymeric backsheet"

‍The final regulations clarify that the definition is limited to a sheet on the back of solar modules composed, at least in part, of a polymer, that acts as an electric insulator and protects the inner components of such module from the surrounding environment. This added definition for "polymeric" excludes most glass backsheets because they are typically not composed of a polymer, but of soda-lime glass.

Solar grade polysilicon measurement standards

‍The final rules added that satisfaction of the minimum purity requirement will be determined in accordance with the standards provided in SEMI Specification PV17-1012 Category 1. This standard also provides additional clarification by including guidance to distinguish between material and immaterial impurities.

Determining credits from related offshore wind vessels

‍§1.45X-3(c)(4)(ii) was revised to include the application of Federal income tax principles to determine inclusions and exclusions for the sales price used to calculate the §45X credit for offshore wind vessels.

Additional standards allowed to certify rated capacity of completed wind turbines

‍The final regulations revise proposed §1.45X-3(c)(6) to add both AWEA 9.1-2009 and ANSI/ACP 101-1-2021 as acceptable wind turbine certification standards.

Clarification to DC optimized microinverter systems

‍§1.45X-3(d)(5)(iv)(B) requires that the inverter and DC optimizer in the DC optimized inverter system to be produced and sold as a combined end product. The Treasury Department and the IRS retained this rule while also clarifying that the inverter and the DC optimizer do not need to be physically packaged together at sale, and the inverter and DC optimizer do not need to be fully interconnected and assembled at the time of sale.

No separate credit is created solely for a DC optimizer, and no changes were made to the number of inverter units used to compute the available credit amount, as these changes are beyond the authority of the Treasury Department and IRS.

Battery cell energy density requirements refer to volumetric energy density

‍When determining if a battery cell has an energy density of not less than 100 watt-hours per liter, the final regulations clarify that energy density is referring to volumetric energy density in §1.45X-3(e)(3)(i)(B) (e.g., as opposed to gravimetric, mass-based, energy density).

Clarification on modules using battery cells

Many commenters expressed concerns regarding the proposed regulations which would not have permitted a credit for the production of a module that is not the end-use configuration. Other commenters acknowledged that the proposed regulations could create confusion as the definition of battery module could potentially include items that are referred to in the industry as “battery packs.”

To address this confusion, §1.45X-3(e)(4)(i)(A) of the final regulations:

• Redefine an end-use configuration as “the product that ultimately serves a specified end use combines cells into a module such that any subsequent manufacturing is done to the module rather than to the cells individually”
• Clarify that “where multiple points in a supply chain may be eligible under this section, the first module produced and sold that meets the requirements of this section and the kilowatt-hour requirement in paragraph (e)(4)(i) of this section will be the only module eligible”

Clarification on modules not using battery cells for thermal and thermochemical battery technology

‍Taxpayers producing thermal and thermochemical battery modules with no battery cells must convert the energy storage to a kilowatt-hour basis, provide both the methodology and testing regarding this conversion, and maintain this testing as part of its books and records.

Additionally, the kilowatt-hour conversion cannot exceed the direct conversion of the total nameplate capacity of the thermal battery module to kilowatt-hours (the capacity that is sold to the consumer), and the taxpayer claiming the §45X credit must use the same methodology consistently, subject to any updated standard of the same methodology and testing, for all battery modules (with or without cells) sold in the taxpayer’s trade or business. The final regulations incorporate these clarifications in §1.45X-3(e)(4)(ii).

Additional guidance forthcoming for aluminum

‍As noted in the Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, a number of comments were received regarding additional clarification for the definition of aluminum, and the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that additional consideration is necessary prior to finalizing proposed §1.45X-(b)(1) with respect to this definition.

Appendix 2 — Additional contract manufacturing and relation person election changes

Additional critical minerals use case for contract manufacturing

‍The final regulations also added an additional contract manufacturing example to demonstrate a way to structure and claim a tax credit on initial extracting and refining activities that do not meet the minimum purity levels required for an eligible component until the initial materials are later purchased, completed, and sold.

Anti-abuse rule measured at point of sale for Related Person Election

‍The final regulations added a clarification regarding defects with regard to a related person election. If an eligible component is not defective at the time of sale, defects arising after the point of sale may occur in the ordinary course of a business and do not generally raise the improper claim concerns regarding defective components.

Appendix 3 — Select items upheld in final regulations

Confirmation of the scope for domestic production and use

‍The final regulations adopted the proposed rules that require eligible components to be produced within the United States, whereas constituent elements, materials, and subcomponents used in the production of the eligible components are not subject to a domestic production requirement.

In addition, the eligible components do not ultimately have to be used in the United States for §45X eligibility.

Production efforts required to stack or claim additional credits for integral components that are also eligible components

‍The final regulations upheld the temporary regulations perspective that a taxpayer must produce (rather than merely purchase or acquire) an eligible component that it then integrates, incorporates, or assembles into another eligible component that is then sold to an unrelated person in order to claim credits on both components.

No additional credits for defective units that are subsequently replaced

‍A commenter proposed that eligible components that were used to replace defective units pursuant to a contractual obligation do not appear to violate proposed anti-abuse provisions. However, the final regulations confirmed the replacement of a defective unit does not represent a new sale to an unrelated person, and §45X does not incentivize the production of two eligible components related to a single sales transaction.

Rejection to expand eligible components and applicable critical minerals

‍Commenters requested to expand the list of eligible components and applicable critical minerals, but the Treasury Department and the IRS declined, citing the lack of statutory authority to expand the list.

Rejection of proposed safe harbor for contract manufacturing arrangements

‍The Treasury Department and the IRS declined a commenter’s request to establish a safe harbor for contract manufacturing agreements in place before the applicability date of the proposed regulations.

However, a taxpayer may still elect to apply the special rule (§1.45X-1(c)(3)(iii)), which allows the parties of a contract manufacturing arrangement to agree on which party to the contract will claim the credit.

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On April 25, the Treasury and IRS published final regulations for the Inflation Reduction Act’s tax credit transfer mechanism. The IRS also published a press release and updated their transferability FAQs.

The final regulations carried few surprises – other than, perhaps, arriving earlier than some market participants predicted – and preserved the status quo set by the June 2023 guidance.

At Reunion, we welcomed this "non-event" and the clarity it provided, and wanted to highlight several key consistencies.

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Highlights from the final regulations

Individuals, trusts, estates, and closely held C corporations remain largely on the sidelines

Despite “many comments” calling for a change, widely held C corporations will remain the primary buyers of transferable tax credits. While this decision will likely decrease overall liquidity in the tax credit market, it will also limit the potential for fraud and abuse.

Passive activity rules generally limit individuals, trusts, estates, and closely held C corporations to applying transferable tax credits to passive income – not active income. The final regulations did not adjust this stance. (However, a potential exception exists for certain closely held C corporations, which allows them to offset active income with tax credits.)

Deprecation cannot be transferred

The IRS did not change its stance on depreciation. As the FAQ states, “Only a taxpayer that has an ownership interest in the project may claim tax depreciation. Transferability does not allow depreciation benefits to be transferred.”

Bonus credits cannot be sold separately

The IRA created three bonus, or adder, credits, which can increase the value of a clean energy project’s tax credits:

• Energy communities
• Low-income communities
• Domestic content

The Treasury’s June guidance stated that bonus credits cannot be sold separately from a project’s other credits. A developer cannot, in other words, sell its base credits to one company and its bonus credits – perhaps at a different price per credit – to another company.

Instead, all credits must be sold as “vertical slices” and be pari passu to one another. In practice, if a single project has multiple buyers for its credits, all buyers have the same risk exposure.

April’s regulations did not change the Treasury’s position. 

The "intends to purchase" provision remains unchanged

Tax credit buyers can still "take into account a specified credit portion that it has purchased, or intends to purchase, to calculate its estimated tax payments." Of course, buyers remain liable for any underpayments.

The regulations clarified that the "intends to purchase" language "illustrates that all the requirements of proposed §1.6418-2(b) do not have to be met for a transferee taxpayer to take the expected eligible credit into account in its estimated tax calculations."

Generators of §45X, §45V, and §45Q credits can make facility-specific elections for transferability or direct pay

An advanced manufacturer’s decision to use transferability or direct pay to monetize their §45X tax credits need not be binary. If a manufacturer has multiple facilities, they can make the transferability-or-direct-pay decision at the facility level. If a manufacturer only has one facility, however, their decision is binary.

The same optionality holds true for the §45V PTC for clean hydrogen and §45Q PTC carbon capture, although the timing of the election varies by credit:

• §45V PTC: The direct pay/transfer election is made during the taxable year the qualified clean hydrogen production facility is placed in service
• §45Q PTC: The direct pay/transfer election is made during the taxable year the “single process train” is placed in service 
• §45X AMPC: The direct pay/transfer election is made during the taxable year in which eligible components are produced

Importantly, because the §45X election is made during the taxable year in which an eligible component is produced, production facilities that predated the IRS may be eligible for the credit.

Advanced cash payments for multi-year PTCs are not permitted – but borrowing against expected future tax credit payments is permitted

Although “upfront payments for PTCs determined in future taxable years are standard in tax equity transactions,” the final regulations stated that transferred PTCs must be paid for in cash one year at a time. This holds true for ten- and 12-year PTCs. 

Permitting advanced payments would “raise several complex legal and administrative issues, such as whether an excessive credit transfer has occurred or if the eligible taxpayer has gross income if prepaid eligible credits were not transferred in a later tax year."

On an encouraging note, the final regulations specifically state that “there is no prohibition on either a transferee taxpayer” – that is, a tax credit buyer – “or another third-party loaning funds to an eligible taxpayer, including loans secured by an eligible credit purchase and sale agreement.” 

Intermediaries can serve as brokers but not dealers

The final regulations, unsurprisingly, left unaltered the assumed role of tax credit intermediaries (like Reunion) in the transferability market. Intermediaries can serve as brokers and facilitators in tax credit transfers, helping to match and advise buyers and sellers. 

Intermediaries cannot, however, serve as dealers, effectively taking ownership of a tax credit with the intent of transferring/selling it again. 

“Required minimum documentation” remains the same

The final regulations acknowledge calls for an increase to the amount of required minimum documentation that an eligible taxpayer must provide to a transferee taxpayer to make a valid transfer. 

Nonetheless, the Treasury and IRS left the required minimum unchanged. Perhaps as a nod to the validity of increasing the required minimum, the final regulations remind market participants that, “...while the required minimum documentation requirements are the same for all taxpayers, any particular agreement between an eligible taxpayer and transferee taxpayer may go beyond the required minimum documentation based on the arrangement of the parties. The proposed regulations allowed sufficient flexibility for market participants to determine if more information is necessary in a particular transaction, while balancing the burden of producing the required minimum documentation required to make a transfer election.”

The final regulations also remind market participants that "§6418(g)(2)(B) specifically places a due diligence responsibility on the transferee taxpayer."

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Improvements likely coming to the pre-registration portal

The IRS opened the tax credit pre-registration portal in December to significant fanfare. But, as with any brand-new IT system, there have been calls for improvement.

While the IRS would not commit to set application review times, it left the door open to "continue to review the efficiency of the registration portal, including functionality responses from the public, to determine whether changes should be implemented or whether additional guidance or publications should be issued."

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Plenty more guidance to come in the next 20-ish business days

In Norton Rose Fulbright’s annual Cost of Capital call, the panelists aptly brought attention to the Congressional Review Act, which “is a tool Congress can use to overturn certain federal agency actions.”

With respect to the Inflation Reduction Act, an incoming Congress (backed by a Trump administration) could use the CRA to unwind IRA regulations that were issued within 60 legislative days of the previous Congress.  

Although the exact date for the beginning of the 60-day window remains to be seen, it’s potentially in late May or early June. This gives the Treasury and IRS a little over 20 business days to issue a backlog of IRA-related guidance and regulations. 

The IRS 2023-2024 Priority Guidance Plan details what guidance the IRS is prioritizing through the end of the plan year, which is June 30, 2024.

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Discuss the regulations with Reunion

Please contact Reunion's transactions team to understand how these final regulations could impact your organization's plans to purchase clean energy tax credits.

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